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Mass Media Coverage

Books

In this section I will be covering the manner in which the politics of Iran were covered in the medium of books as the form of mass communication.

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Reading Lolita in Tehran

This story replays the life of Iranian native and teacher Nafisi, who organizes a book club where women from various backgrounds come together to read and discuss a variety of books that are increasingly outlawed in Iran due to the influence of the Iran's religious leaders. In addition to giving us a closer connection to the women and their tales than what is shown in other novels, Nafisi uses the tale of her group to demonstrate the influence that books have.
This book provides insight into the type of strict control that the Iranian government has instituted since the Islamic Revolution. The real-world problems discussed by Azar Nafisi in Reading Lolita in Tehran influence how we perceive the established regulations that impose on Nafisi's way of life, as well as the other women and men who surround her. We all experience a significant impact from books as a mass communication medium. A large portion of the past's cultural history is communicated via books and which also aids in self-understanding. They are an important instrument in the process of educating us. The benefits of this work in terms of current Iranian politics are that it gives us insight into how conditions are for the Iranian people.
However the main criticism of Reading Lolita is that it promotes neoconservative foreign policy objectives by discreetly supporting justifications for American intervention in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran by exposing the most blatant violations of power committed by Islamic authorities in Iran, portraying all Iranian women as defenseless and horribly mistreated, as well as praising Western classical literature as a retreat for rational Iranians.

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Persepolis

Marjane Satrapi has written and released an illustrated memoir about her youth during the Iranian revolution. The revolutionary era, which has become synonymous with Iranian culture for many individuals from outside of Iran, is complicated and compelling by the black-and-white visuals and personal narrative. The book combines the experiences of Strapi's youth with those of her family, and it also gives details of historical and contemporary political and cultural developments in Iran during the time.
The decision to make a graphic novel version of Persepolis was deliberate. Writing a story as an adult while viewing the world through the eyes of a child makes it extremely difficult to express the same emotions in words. A conventional story would have to start with basic vocabulary and grammar and afterward progress as the main protagonist grew older in the plot, this would not have been reasonably consistent and may not have had the intended effect. Furthermore, if she had used adult words, it would have been difficult to comprehend the storyline. Marjane Satrapi believed that the graphic book format enabled her to express both the plot and the emotions. A wider number of individuals, as a result, we're better able to grasp the entirety of the ideas and events. Although the use of visuals reduces the audience that would want to read this book, the images give more background to consider when studying the works and plot of this book. The purpose of the book is to educate those who would be considered outsiders to Iranian culture, politics, and experiences.

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All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

Kinzer's book is considered and reported to offer one of the most accurate depictions of the events that led to the 1953 coup of Iran's prime minister and the establishment of the Shah, who'd been backed by the US. This book provides valuable insights as to how Iran transitioned from a republic with an elected leader to the installation of the Shah's authority and tracks how these events led to the present terrorist organizations and uprising throughout the Middle East as well as in Iran. Compared to past books that were mentioned above, this part book is more history-focused (I will list a free pdf. that I found of this book). 
In his book, Kinzer highlights seven important factors. The first is that, unlike what both the American administration and the former monarchy have said, the 1953 coup was actually an American plan, not a grassroots revolt by the Iranian people to remove the freely chosen prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh. Almost all Iranians interested in politics have been aware of the U.S. and Britain's involvement there in the 1953 coup, but both governments worked to keep it secret, as did Islamic extremists, who have also worked to stifle research on the matter. Therefore, it is not surprising that such individuals have criticized Kinzer's work. This book is factual and provides insight to the question of why individuals of Iran are wary of westerners as well as a crucial source of material and comprehension of significant issues which might come in handy for students and scholars who are concerned with U.S. policy towards Iran.

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he Twilight War: The Secret History of America's Thirty-Year Conflict with Iran

In order to dispel the notion that the war involving the United States and Iran is a new development, Crist's book starts by pointing out that the two countries were previously partners rather than rivals. Crist sheds light on events including the talks among Iran and the United States after the attacks of September 11 and the choices and actions that led to Iran's ambition to become a nuclear state through government papers and high-level interviews.
Although the book was released in 2013, people still find it relevant because of its understanding of the Iranian military and, most notably, Qasem Soleimani. The fact that Mr. Crist has demonstrated that the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran have been fighting war for more than three decades cannot be recognized simply because one disagrees with all of Mr. Crist's political opinions. His depiction of this struggle serves as a crucial lesson that America can no longer engage its enemies in a series of wars, such as World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and Vietnam. In 1979, Khomeinism erupted out of Iran and started to threaten American rule in the Middle East since we were still fighting Soviet communism. The threat from Tehran still looms, notwithstanding how fractured the global battleground is today.
This dynamic sometimes detracts from "The Twilight War's" latter chapters. Mr. Crist is compelled to depend excessively heavily on the details given to him by slick-talking but helpless Iranian officials, opportunistic Iranian exiles, and retired American diplomats with a grudge because he lacks the declassified information and numerous sourcing of other chapters. The section on George W. Bush's presidency by Crist misses a portion of the complexity of the earlier parts. Additionally, he occasionally makes odd claims regarding Iranian domestic politics, such as calling Iran's fundamentalist president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad "urbane" as well as a "political secularist" despite the fact that he Ahmadinejad has rejected both the Holocaust and the existence of homosexual people in Iran.

Mass Media Coverage: As Seen In

Documentary & Films

I've selected the following films and documentaries to look at as a source of mass communication on Iran's politics and general occurrences.

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Persepolis

Similar in presentation to the graphic novel listed above, Persepolis, again deals with a period in Iranian history ranging from the fall of the Shah's regime in 1978 to the rule of the mullahs in the mid-1990s, tackles a number of important topics without being fairly heavy; the persecution of intellectuals, the Iran-Iraq war, misinformation, social conditioning, censoring, brutality, totalitarian coups, the oppression of women in their choice to wear the hijab, exile, as well as the issue of one's identity and integration, arise throughout the movie as themes.
The movie is presented through animation, which again might have affected the audience/population in regards to appeal, however the personal narrative which was intended  to be educational has affected the views of Americans and the revolution. The film received four stars from Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, who said that while the black and white animation "may seem Spartan," it is "very absorbing" and that Satrapi's narrative is conveyed "caringly, passionately, and with wonderful elegance." "While so many films about coming of age entail fabricated issues," he continues, "here is one about a lady who does truly come of age, and brilliantly." 
The Iranian government has expressed their displeasure with the film. Even before its premiere at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, the government-linked Iran Farabi Foundation wrote to the French embassy in Tehran, "This year the Cannes Film Festival, in an unconventional and unsuitable act, has chosen a movie about Iran that has presented an unrealistic face of the glorious Islamic Revolution in some of its parts." Despite these complaints, the Iranian cultural authorities yielded in February 2008 and permitted limited screenings of the film in Tehran.

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Argo

In the Ben Affleck-directed movie "Argo" from 2012, it is shown how the CIA and the Canadian government teamed together to free six American officials during the Iranian Hostage Crisis in 1979. Affleck also portrayed Tony Mendez, the CIA agent and expert in exfiltration who undertook the perilous mission to rescue the Americans in Iran. Reviewers gave the movie positive reviews, and it got seven Academy Award nominations, winning three of them. The first thing to note is that "Argo" is based on actual individuals and events. The main idea of the film is based on an actual operation undertaken by the Canadian government and the CIA. On the other hand, the movie exaggerated and underplayed numerous elements of the rescue for the purpose of cinematography and the story plot's finale. 
The introduction of Argo, which effectively acts as a preamble and is a two-minute visual sequence partially rendered with narrating that offers background for the Iran Hostage Crisis, is the most significant effort the movie makes towards depth. In this background, it is understood why Mohammad Mossadeg, Iran's democratically elected president, was overthrown in 1953 by the United States and England in favor of Reza Pahlavi, who prioritized Westernizing Iran at the expense of the Iranian people since Mossadeg did not further their oil interests. The narration states: “In 1979, the people of Iran overthrew the Shah. The exiled cleric, Ayatollah Khomeini, returned to rule Iran. It descended into score settling, death squads, and chaos. Dying of cancer, the Shah was given asylum in the U.S. The Iranian people took to the streets outside the U.S. embassy demanding that the Shah be returned, tried, and hanged.”
Attempts by the authors and producers to create more detailed narratives and characters appear to be "simplified convoluted representations." Techniques used by film and television producers to make it appear as though the representations they are generating are sophisticated when, in fact, they are simple. To minimize stereotyping, this method seeks to balance a negative representation with a positive one. Despite the tremendous intricacy afforded by the opening situation, Iranians are shown in Argo as a violent, insane, and deadly people. Even a two-minute preamble does little to improve this unattractive, bland impression.

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The Green Wave

Ali Samadi Ahadi's documentary The Green Wave was released in 2010. It discusses Iranian human rights issues and the 2009 presidential election protests. The Iranian government, headed by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, is shown in The Green Wave as it reacts to popular indignation over allegedly fraudulent Iranian presidential election results in 2009. The movie uses video, Tweets, and Facebook posts to tell the story. The internet-powered film uses on-screen tweets and weblog reads to portray the voices of Iranian reformists and provide a day-by-day summary of events. Drawings by animator Ali Reza Darvish serve as a flashcard for the emotional condition of the protesters; they are expertly intercut with interviews of some of the thousands of activists detained as Ahadu lifts the veil on a regime that was willing to torture and imprison its citizens.

The coverage on the politics of Iran, especially during the Green Movement was honest and from the point of view of the people living in Iran. The coverage was intended to be educational and informative to the people who watched. 

Mass Media Coverage: As Seen In

Broadcast Media - News Channels

In this section, I will discuss how various news outlets (PBS, CNN, Fox News) covered recent events and the issue of Iranian politics by assessing the articles and videos.

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In this news article and video from CNN, the topic regarding the Iranian Nuclear Deal is discussed in regards to the negotiation process. The article describes four factors that are to be considered before the Biden and European partners discontinue the negotiation with Iran. "However rare the possibilities of a successful negotiation, they're not zero," was the first factor mentioned. The second argument put out is that leaving the bargaining table would damage America's reputation and credibility. The third point made in this article is that even though the 2015 Iran nuclear agreement is no longer practical, this does not necessitate the conclusion of all diplomatic attempts. And last, the option to a bad bargaining strategy is far worse. The ideal scenario is for everyone to act in a way that prevents a catastrophe even if there is no agreement. Iran would maintain its nuclear program below some red line through deterrence, risk aversion, and common sense, preventing Israel or the US from taking military action.

The coverage overall from CNN in terms of the politics of Iran is very focused on the nuclear deal and the negotiations that are being made with American and European countries. This focus on negotiations only serves to inform the United states of what is happening on a government level. The overall critique I personally can contribute to CNN's coverage on Iran is that it does not include substantial information in terms of the government and implications of said government on the Iranian people. I am sure that if there was more coverage on the events occurring within Iran as a result of their government officials, there would be more commotion. 

Anyone can click on the CNN logo to further explore the type of news coverage about current politics of Iran. 

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This article produced by Fox News includes a video. This article and video explore how recent reported Iranian attempts to assassinate former US government leaders have thrown into doubt the prudence of continuing nuclear deal talks with the country, specifically the attempted assassination of John Bolton. This topic is related to the recent assassination of Salman Rushdie.
The manner in which Fox News disseminates news about Iranian politics is undoubtedly motivated by fear. Fox News reports in a way that leads viewers to assume that Iran is specifically targeting US citizens, specifically using language such as "The regime in Tehran has targeted a lot of Americans." It is apparent in most articles that I have read from Fox News that they have a dislike towards the Biden administration, due to the wording of various articles blaming Biden for their response to the Iranian nuclear deal. 

Anyone can click on the Fox News logo to further explore the type of news coverage about current politics of Iran

Mass Media Coverage: As Seen In

PBS News Hour - U.S. special envoy for Iran discusses the prospects for reviving a nuclear deal

This PBS News Hour video describes how European, Iranian, and American negotiators traveled to Vienna this past weekend to see whether they may finally reach a compromise on Iran's nuclear program. The report states how the Trump administration departed from a nuclear agreement, from which the Biden administration has now been trying to return. The primary negotiator, US Special Representative for Iran Robert Malley, joined Nick Schifrin to explain. The news coverage is straight forward and does not include language that would invoke an emotional response to the reported information. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) has previously accused the PBS NewsHour of missing balance, diversity, and public opinions, as well as presenting corporate interests.

Mass Media Coverage: Video

Video Games

The final kind of media we shall examine in the portrayal of Iran is video games.

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The action role-playing game called 1979 Revolution: Black Friday is an example of mass communication through video games related to the topic of Iranian politics. The setting is during the Iranian Revolution. The plot involves photojournalist Reza Shirazi coming back to his native country, Iran. All throughout the game, reportedly, the player has the opportunity to interact with the surroundings, like large groups of strikers or a homeless woman and her young child. The user is regularly asked to capture a photograph of the chosen person or event using Reza's camera throughout the engagement. The in-game image is compared to actual photos of the event taken by photographer Michel Setboun through menus. The player also collects tapes of Ayatollah Khomeini's speeches throughout the course of the game.
The game offers some representation of the reality of what life was for the people of Iran during the revolution. Though this video game is made for entertainment purposes and might include flaws and inconsistencies, the game features, as mentioned, real-life examples of this event. I believe that the audience that consumes this form of media is commonly composed of people from other countries since it has been banned in Iran and labeled as propaganda. As a result, consumers will have some understanding of the Iranian Revolution.

Mass Media Coverage: As Seen In

Sources

Ahmari, Sohrab. “Book Review: The Iranian Nuclear Crisis | The Twilight War.” WSJ, 20 July 2012, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304022004577514852558385294?mod=trending_now_video_5.


Airey, David. “3 Letters, 48 Hours, 1 Logo.” Logo Design Love, 13 Mar. 2019, www.logodesignlove.com/cnn-logo.


Alsultany, Evelyn. “Representations of Arabs, Muslims, and Iranians in an Era of Complex Characters and Storylines.” Film Criticism, University of Michigan Library, Jan. 2016, quod.lib.umich.edu/f/fc/13761232.0040.102/--representations-of-arabs-muslims-and-iranians-in-an-era?rgn=main;view=fulltext.


Barnes, Henry. “The Green Wave – Review.” The Guardian, 15 Feb. 2018, www.theguardian.com/film/2011/sep/29/the-green-wave-film-review.


Bouzari, Rahman. “How the Mass Media Misread the Iranian Protests.” New Age | The Most Popular Outspoken English Daily in Bangladesh, 26 Jan. 2019, www.newagebd.net/article/33463/how-the-mass-media-misread-the-iranian-protests/articlelist/323/onelink.to/articlelist/323/index.php.


DePaul, Amy, et al. “Fighting Words: Reading Lolita in Tehran,.” PopMatters, 30 July 2008, www.popmatters.com/fighting-words-2496156195.html.


FAIR. “About/Mission Statement.”

FAIR, 17 Feb. 2022, fair.org/about-fair.


IDFA. “11 Documentary Films about Iran | IDFA.” IDFA, 10 Mar. 2021, www.idfa.nl/en/selection/152528/11-documentary-films-about-iran.

---. “The Green Wave (2010) - Ali Samadi Ahadi | IDFA.” IDFA, 10 Mar. 2021, www.idfa.nl/en/film/8b51b655-f4dd-42f9-96b5-f630ea73f72a/the-green-wave.


Ink Stories. “1979 Revolution.” Ink Stories, 1979revolutiongame.com. Accessed 15 Aug. 2022.


Kataria, Mita. “How Historically Accurate Is Argo?” Looper.Com, 6 Feb. 2022, www.looper.com/758525/how-historically-accurate-is-argo.


Lee, Michael. “Biden Admin Continues Negotiating with Iran despite Plans to Kill High-Level American Politicians.” Fox News, 14 Aug. 2022, www.foxnews.com/us/biden-admin-continues-negotiating-iran-despite-plans-kill-high-level-american-politicians.


Lemercier, Fabien. “Persepolis.” Cineuropa - the Best of European Cinema, 15 June 2007, cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/78010.


Logo World. “Fox News Logo, Symbol, Meaning, History, PNG.” The Most Famous Brands and Company Logos in the World, 27 July 2022, logos-world.net/fox-news-logo.


Maiberg, Emanuel. “The Controversial Video Game About the Iranian Revolution Will Be Out Soon.” VICE, 13 July 2015, www.vice.com/en/article/wnj9wy/1979-revolution-iran-game.


Miller, Opinion By Aaron David. “Opinion: The Big Mistake the US Could Make on Iran Nuclear Talks.” CNN, 4 Aug. 2022, edition.cnn.com/2022/08/04/opinions/iran-nuclear-talks-united-states-diplomacy-miller/index.html.

Mion, Landon. “Iran Claims It Was Not Involved in Stabbing of Salman


Rushdie.” Fox News, 15 Aug. 2022, www.foxnews.com/world/iran-claims-not-involved-stabbing-salman-rushdie.


Moench, Katie. “9 Books About Iran to Help You Understand Current Events.” BOOK RIOT, 18 Feb. 2020, bookriot.com/books-about-iran.


Rendall, Steve. “Are You on the NewsHour’s Guestlist?” FAIR, 25 Apr. 2017, fair.org/extra/are-you-on-the-newshours-guestlist.


Ronaghi, Hossein. “Western Media Aren’t Telling You the Truth about Iran.” Track Persia, 14 Oct. 2021, www.trackpersia.com/western-media-arent-telling-you-the-truth-about-iran.


Sadjadpour, Karim. “‘The Twilight War,’ by David Crist.” The New York Times, 31 July 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/books/the-twilight-war-by-david-crist.html.


Ultius. “Book Report on All The Shah’s Men.” Ultius, 8 Apr. 2013, www.ultius.com/ultius-blog/entry/book-report-on-all-the-shah-s-men.html.


“U.S. Special Envoy for Iran Discusses the Prospects for Reviving a Nuclear Deal.” YouTube, uploaded by PBS NewsHour, 12 Aug. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFuhfRL-QmY.


Wikipedia contributors. “1979 Revolution: Black Friday.” Wikipedia, 29 June 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Revolution:_Black_Friday#Story_and_setting.

---. “All the Shah’s Men.” Wikipedia, 26 July 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Shah%27s_Men.

---. “Persepolis (Film).” Wikipedia, 6 Aug. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis_%28film%29#Critical_response.

Mass Media Coverage: Text
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